The History of Archaeology Part 1 - The First Archaeologists

The History of Archaeology Part 1 - The First Archaeologists The history of archaeology as a study of the ancient past has its beginnings at least as early as the Mediterranean Bronze Age. Archaeology as a scientific study is only about 150 years old. Interest in the past, however, is much older than that. If you stretch the definition enough, probably the earliest probe into the past was during New Kingdom Egypt [ca 1550-1070 BC], when the pharaohs excavated and reconstructed the Sphinx, itself originally built during the 4th Dynasty [Old Kingdom, 2575-2134 BC] for the Pharaoh Khafre. There are no written records to support the excavationso we dont know which of the New Kingdom pharaohs asked for the Sphinx to be restoredbut physical evidence of the reconstruction exists, and there are ivory carvings from earlier periods that indicate the Sphinx was buried in sand up to its head and shoulders before the New Kingdom excavations. The First Archaeologist Tradition has it that the first recorded archaeological dig was operated by Nabonidus, the last king of Babylon who ruled between 555-539 BC. Nabonidus contribution to the science of the past is the unearthing of the foundation stone of a building dedicated to Naram-Sin, the grandson of the Akkadian king Sargon the Great. Nabonidus overestimated the age of the building foundation by 1,500 yearsNaram Sim lived about 2250 BC, but, heck, it was the middle of the 6th century BC: there were no radiocarbon dates.  Nabonidus was, frankly, deranged (an object lesson for many an archaeologist of the present), and Babylon was eventually conquered by Cyrus the Great, founder of Persepolis and the Persian empire. Excavating Pompeii and Herculaneum Most of the early excavations were either religious crusades of one sort or another, or treasure hunting by and for elite rulers, pretty consistently right up until the second study of Pompeii and Herculaneum. The original excavations at Herculaneum were simply treasure-hunting, and in the early decades of the 18th century, some of the intact remains covered by nearly 60 feet of volcanic ash and mud 1500 years before were destroyed in an attempt to find the good stuff. But, in 1738, Charles of Bourbon, King of the Two Sicilies and founder of the House of Bourbon, hired antiquarian Marcello Venuti to reopen the shafts at Herculaneum. Venuti supervised the excavations, translated the inscriptions, and proved that the site was indeed, Herculaneum. Charles of Bourbon is also known for his palace, the Palazzo Reale in Caserta. And thus was archaeology born. Sources A bibliography of the history of archaeology has been assembled for this project. History of Archaeology: The Series Part 1: The First Archaeologists  - You are here Part 2: The Effects of the Enlightenment Part 3: Is the Bible Fact or Fiction? Part 4: The Astounding Effects of Orderly Men Part 5: The Five Pillars of Archaeological Method Bibliography

When So Becomes Annoying

When So Becomes Annoying When â€Å"So† Becomes Annoying When â€Å"So† Becomes Annoying By Maeve Maddox The tiny English word so has numerous uses. Merriam-Webster gives it separate entries as adverb, conjunction, adjective, and pronoun. Most of the time, little so goes about its business unnoticed, but one of its functions has been provoking heated discussion on the Web: the use of so as â€Å"a discourse marker.† The term â€Å"discourse marker† was coined in the 1960s to describe â€Å"a word or phrase whose function is to organize discourse into segments and situate a clause, sentence, etc., within a larger context.† Here are some words and phrases commonly used as discourse markers in speech: well you know like now I think you see oh I mean OK actually These are words we all interject into speech for reasons that have nothing to do with grammar. For example: Well, I was a little worried. Now, a clever man would put the poison into his own goblet. You know, not everyone shares your opinion on that. OK, let’s take a vote. I think I’ll go now. These markers serve no grammatical function, but they do advance discourse in various ways. As a discourse marker at the beginning of a sentence, so may do any of the following: initiate discourse So, how was the interview? mark a shift in topic or activity So, what should we do now? begin an explanation So, disconnect the power cord and remove the back panel. preface the response to any question Interviewer: What is the focus of your research? Interview subject: So, I study samples of creek water to track pollution. avoid giving a direct answer Interviewer: Why did you lay off so many workers? Interview subject: So, our sales have been stagnant for some time. The use of so as a sentence-starter has provoked numerous discussions on the Web. Business consultant Hunter Thurman gives three reasons for avoiding the practice of beginning a sentence with so: 1. â€Å"So† insults your audience. 2. â€Å"So undermines your credibility. 3. â€Å"So† demonstrates that you’re not 100% comfortable with what you’re saying. PR consultant Cherry Chapell, on the other hand, sees this use of so as â€Å"a good way of giving yourself time to think.† Linguistics professor Penelope Gardner-Chloros suggests that a speaker who starts an answer with so â€Å"is saying what he wants to say, like a politician- but trying to make it sound like it’s an answer to the question.† Like many linguistic targets of criticism, so as a sentence-starter draws extreme reactions from the general public. I’ve seen comments that question the intelligence of speakers who begin sentences with so and accuse them of defiling the language. I’ve seen other comments that cite the fact that Seamus Heaney translated the opening â€Å"Hwaet† of Beowulf as â€Å"So!† as proof that so must be all right in any context. The reality is that sometimes so is an appropriate sentence-starter, and sometimes it is an irritant. When a speaker habitually begins sentences with so, listeners may react in one of two ways. Some are able to filter out the so’s and concentrate on content. Others, however, are distracted by them and may tune out the content as they count the so’s. When beginning a sentence with so becomes a verbal tic, it has lost its usefulness as a discourse marker. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Mostly Small But Expressive Interjections"Gratitude" or "Gratefulness"?10 Varieties of Syntax to Improve Your Writing

MGMT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

MGMT - Assignment Example As a leader, I see it as a challenge to make everyone understand that the goals we are working on are for the good of everyone. I must work with people who have different opinions in order to find a common line with them where we can meet halfway so we can achieve our purpose. I also need to make people feel happy and satisfied as we work on our goals so they would be more willing to follow the visions I see as a leader. Moreover, it would help them become better workers if they are happy with what they are doing. I do not see failure as a challenge since it is not an option for me at all. Once I get people to willingly and happily follow me, success would almost be at hand. I firmly believe in the behavioral theory of leadership since I see leadership as a skill, not just something a person is born with. Since it is a skill, it can be learned, enhanced, and perfected through practice and experience. By believing so, I will treat my followers as potential leaders so they will respect me both as a person and as a leader. Leadership is not just a rank, but it is a character at work and one that can be

Pricing strategies of Amazon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Pricing strategies of Amazon - Essay Example 231). The most important factor to consider is the pricing of a product, as it is from this that the company will be viewed by the other entities in the industry and also potential customers. In achieving this, companies in general consider three main factors in coming up with viable pricing strategies that ensure their overall success. These are in terms of their basis of laying emphasis. There are the cost-based pricing strategies, which focus on a means of determining prices through incorporation of profit essentials in the product (Cryns 2002, p. 120). Moreover, there is the pricing based on customer observation whereby a business entity considers the best price that could fit accordingly to the customer base of that product. In addition, there is the pricing based on competitor substitutes, which considers competitor pricing to come up with prices that would most likely put a business at a better position for proper and advantageous competition. While these are the main pricing criteria that most companies consider prior to formulating a viable strategy, other entities such as Amazon maximize on their potential in regards to formulating their pricing strategies (Wuebker 2008, p. 111). ... Later on, it diversified into the sale of media such as CDs, DVDs and such other forms as MP3 based media files. After some years of relatively moderate growth, Amazon later on increased in terms of revenue and overall growth to become the largest online store (Smith 2011, p. 167). In addition, the store has diversified its products range to include most basic home appliances, extending further to even foodstuff. In order to achieve this status, and maintain these growth standards, Amazon has strategized effectively, successfully implementing a variety of pricing tactics that have ultimately exalted the entity forward. In light of the above, the first strategies that Amazon employs in attaining its status is the use of dynamic pricing mechanisms in order to spread their market base. In this form of pricing strategy, a company distinguishes between its customers, analyzing the various features that set apart the various categories of customers (Burton & Holden 2010, p. 145). Through t his research, a company focuses on such aspects as the frequency and trend of shopping that a faction of consumers adapts to in the course of carrying out their transaction. Through this kind of critical analysis, a company comes up with prices for its goods in relation to the trends that customers have adopted while purchasing products. As such, the ‘peak’ periods that most customers are carrying out their transactions are often characterized by higher prices than the other periods that customer density is relatively low. In its practices, Amazon extensively uses dynamic pricing strategy to delimit the prices of its products in relation to the cycle of demand as occasioned by the

Domestic Violence Against Asian Women Social Work Essay

Domestic Violence Against Asian Women Social Work Essay This report is based on a Chief Executive Officer with unlimited budget to improve mental health services in London Borough of Ealing. The following neighbourhood study will focus on a proposal for change to improve services. It will focus on the changes necessary in the  services provided for Asian Women experiencing domestic violence with mental health issues. An understanding of social and cultural diversity will be discussed and their impact on healthcare. In addition, these issues will be compared to the London borough of Hammersmith and Fulham. Domestic violence has come to the forefront as an important issue that affect many people in our society. DH, (2005) define domestic violence as any violence, abuse or threatening behaviour between current or former partners. It stipulate that any attempt to exercise control over an intimate partner or family members regardless of gender, sexuality constitutes domestic violence; the violence can include physical, psychological, sexual, financial and emotional abuse. Domestic violence can also include honour base violence, female genital mutilation and force marriages. According to Home Office, (2004), women are more likely to become victim of domestic violence than men; children are also affected and can be traumatised by the incidences they have seen. Research has shown that one in four women experience domestic violence over their lifetime and one in ten women experience it annually and 32% of children (Walby and Allen, 2004). Williamson, (2000) outlined that ethnic minority women are well known to be victims of domestic violence particularly Asians. However (DH, 2005) highlighted that the affects of domestic violence can result in women experiencing isolation, loss of job and income, low self esteem and self worth; It can lead to mental health issues in women causing the victims to suffer from mental health problems including, anxiety disorder, eating disorder, depression and self harm which could lead to suicide. Experience of domestic violence can also exacerbate an existing mental health condition. Womensaid, (2009) highlighted that a large number of women accessing mental health services have experienced domestic violence, and at least 20% of service users are still experiencing the abuse. It further suggests that 50% of Asian women who have attempted suicide or self harm are survivors of domestic violence. The London Borough of Ealing consists of 23 wards. It is the third largest borough in London with a population of 300,948 of which 151,200 of the residents are females and 22,200 are of Asian background (Neighbourhood statistics, 2006). When compared to Hammersmith and Fulham borough, they have a population of 165,242 Nationally Domestic Violent rate for Asian women. However, 58% of these women view themselves to be white British and only 25% declares to be Asians (Ealing Council, 2009) (appendix 1). The motivation for this proposed change is necessary as services for ethnic minority women experiencing domestic violence in various areas in the country are under-funded or non-existence (Williamson, 2000). Mainstreaming Gender and Womens Mental Health (DH, 2002) identify experiences of violence and abuse as a core theme in womens mental health difficulties. Todays mental health system manages diagnosis and accepts long-term disability consequently offering a label as an explanation for suffering instead of permitting service users to share their stories, experiences and their feelings. The level of domestic violence amongst women has increased significantly in Ealing Borough. Recent figures revealed that Ealing is the ninth highest borough for reporting domestic violence between April 2007 to January 2008 Ealing Council (2009). It was highlighted that 41% of reported cases were of white European whereas the second highest reported cases were from Asian background (see appendix 3). It was also suggested that domestic violence is the highest crime reported nationally to the police, and 89% of domestic violence victims are women (Ealing Council, 2009). The cost of domestic violence on the UK economy is enormous; recent figures reported to be  £23 billion annually for the UK and  £280 million for London Borough of Ealing respectively (Ealing Council, 2009). Furthermore, it is estimated that on average women are assaulted 35 times before they report to the police however; most women do not report and suffer in silence. This may be due to the psychological state known as battered women syndrome identified by (Walker, 2000) in which the victim feels powerless to change the situation. Baggot (2004) argued that ethnic minority groups are faced with poorer health conditions than the rest of the population; people from certain ethnic background may be denied timely access to healthcare or offered lower standards of care than the rest of the population. 55% of Ealings population is predominately ethnic minority groups. The total South Asian population in Ealing is 41% compared to 24.7% in the borough of Hammersmith and Fulham. This significant difference in ethnic profile has a key impact on the overall health of the community. According to Kandola Fullerton (1998), diversity is the difference in ethnic origin, religion and other factors which cause people to have different perspectives on the same set of facts or issues. The culture amongst Asian communities makes it difficult for married women to disclose that they are victims of domestic violence; breakdown of marriages is often seen as the womens fault hence they are likely to be rejected by family members and their community. It is culturally accepted that women should be abuse consequently becoming victims of domestic violence. Additionally, Some Asian women may be subject to immigration control. This can influence their decision to take action against their husbands because of deportation from the UK. Moreover, most of these women do not speak English and finds it difficult to communicate. Womens National Commission, (2009) report outlined that many of the victims are of insecure immigration status, having limited leave or no leave to remain within the country and are therefore subject to no recourse to public funds therefore are unable to obtain state benefits, hence limiting their access to services, social housing, legal advice and support. Ealing Council, (2009) report, emphasised that currently Ealing has only two organizations offering emergency accommodation services. These services are limited as there are only eighteen adult bed places, the places available for counselling and advocacy services do not have adequate staff to provide support to accommodate the number of victims identified by the Council. (WHO, (1997) cited in DH, (2006) states that violence against women is a public health issue which could be prevented. The Department of Health published a manual aimed at healthcare professionals in 2000 who contacted victims of domestic violence; the purpose was to focus on the need to treat vulnerable women with compassionate and holistic approach. These opinions were echoed by the participants of two surveys who identified the flaws in their treatment as being lack of advocacy and follow up interventions. An individuals ethnicity and cultural group remain useful points for understanding the motives behind domestic violence and the impact it has on their mental health. It can be argued that attending to the specific needs and conditions of Asian women by providing integrated culturally and gender-sensitive services highlights good practice. Hence, it becomes important that the individuals perceptions of self care are identified in the context of their culture. Addressing issues of domestic violence in relation to mental health, health inequalities and other social problems which lead most women to social disadvantages would be easily addressed. APPENDIX 1 The table below gives an indication of the different offences in the borough of Ealing and the UK National Average. Of the offences committed violence against the person is the highest in the borough. Ealing Council English Average Population 305,000 Households 121,000 Violence against the person 25.0 15.0 Sexual offences 1.0 0.9 Robbery offences 4.4 1.0 Burglary dwelling offences 9.1 4.3 Theft of a motor vehicle offences 3.4 2.3 Theft from a vehicle offences 11.6 6.3 Source: Ealing Council, (2009). APPENDIX 2 The diagram below gives an analytical breakdown of ethnicity for domestic violence victims in the Borough Ealing. It shows that 41% were of white European origin. The highest of all the ethnic groups as defined by police were those of Asian backgrounds at 28% and thirdly Afro-Caribbean groups with 22%.

ShineNatashia Unit

It is my job to work with the investigating detectives and the police department to build a sold case against Tim Masters. The burden Of proof rest souls on my shoulders, I must prove without a reasonable doubt that Tim Masters killed Peggy Whittier. My job is the hardest job of all the court actors. I have several rules of conduct I must follow to ensure that my case in lawful and does not violate any person rights. In the case of Tim Masters, used evidence found in his home to win he case against him.As the prosecuting attorney, I first had to look at the evidence presented by me from the police department and determine if this was enough evidence to try' Tim Masters for murder. Make the ultimate decision rather or not to take Tim Masters to court, give him a plea bargain, or send him somewhere for treatment, decided to take him to court. Defense Counsel As the defense attorney, represented Tim Masters, and defended him. It is my job to defend my client and make sure they don't get punished for a crime they did not commit.Due to the Sixth and Fourteen amendments, every defendant regardless of their ability to pay will have the right to a defense lawyer in most court cases. My client Tim Masters was accused of murdering Peggy Hatcheck, in a field close to his house, have to prove this was not true. All the evidence they has against my client was circumstantial, the prosecution used inadmissible evidence in court to convict Tim Masters. The great news is years later after two denied appeals, my client Tim Masters was exonerated of all charged and set free.

Historical Background / Events That Helped The Tainui Iwi...

Explain the historical background/ events which led to the Tainui Iwi claims and the settlement process. Include in your discussion a brief description of the actions of the Crown in the 1860s and later, and impact this had on Tainui. Write about 400 – 500 words. In the early 1850s, Maori in the North Island was under pressure from the European settlers to satisfy their needs of land. Kiingitanga was first made in 1858, it was formally known as The King Movement. Kiingitanga wanted to make the Maoris aware of the number of European settlers that were increasing. Kiingitanga ensured the Maoris do not to give up their land to the settlers. Pootatau Te Wherewhero controlled the Kiingitanga. Lands were confiscated originally due to Maori tribes not agreeing to the Crown, this had an effect on the Maori people to respect and agree with Crown, because they were not willing to give up their land. When Maoris agreed not to sell their lands and agree with the crown regarding confiscation, later Pootatau Te Wherewhero made it final by terminating Europeans from buying land, so this would protect the Maori. In the 1860s, conflict arose amongst the Europeans and the Maori, as a result a war broke out between them. The Waikato tainui area was invaded in July 1863 by the crown military. Communities that supported Kiingitangi were forced of the waikato when the war was happening. In 1865 waikato lands were confiscated and the crown took authority over the Waikato River. Confiscation